????1.??? (?????????????????? ) ??????
????shutdown -h now ?????(1)
????init 0 ?????(2)
????telinit 0 ?????(3)
????shutdown -h hours:minutes & ????????????
????shutdown -c ???????????????
????shutdown -r now ????(1)
????reboot ????(2)
????logout ???
????2.?????????????
????arch ?????????????????(1)
????uname -m ?????????????????(2)
????uname -r ??????????????汾
????dmidecode -q ???????????? - (SMBIOS / DMI)
????hdparm -i /dev/hda ??????????????????
????hdparm -tT /dev/sda ?????????в???????????
????cat /proc/cpuinfo ???CPU info?????
????cat /proc/interrupts ????ж?
????cat /proc/meminfo У????????
????cat /proc/swaps ?????Щswap?????
????cat /proc/version ???????汾
????cat /proc/net/dev ??????????????????
????cat /proc/mounts ??????????????
????lspci -tv ???? PCI ?豸
????lsusb -tv ??? USB ?豸
????date ?????????
????cal 2007 ???2007?????????
????date 041217002007.00 ???????????? - ?????????.??
????clock -w ??????????浽 BIOS
????3.???????????????
????cd /home ???? '/ home' ??'
????cd .. ???????????
????cd ../.. ????????????
????cd ????????????
????cd ~user1 ????????????
????cd - ??????????????
????pwd ???????·??
????ls ?????е????
????ls -F ?????е????
????ls -l ???????????????????
????ls -a ??????????
????mkdir dir1 ??????????? 'dir1' ????'
????mkdir dir1 dir2 ????????????
????mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 ???????????
????rm -f file1 ?????????? 'file1' ?????'
????rmdir dir1 ?????????? 'dir1' ????'
????rm -rf dir1 ?????????? 'dir1' ?????????????????
????rm -rf dir1 dir2 ??????????????????????
????mv dir1 new_dir ??????/??? ?????
????cp file1 file2 ??????????
????cp dir/* . ??????????μ???????????????????
????cp -a /tmp/dir1 . ????????????????????
????cp -a dir1 dir2 ?????????
????ln -s file1 lnk1 ?????????????????????????
????ln file1 lnk1 ???????????????????????????
????touch  file1 ??????????
????4.???????????
????find / -name file1 ?? '/' ????????????????????????
????find / -user user1 ??????????? 'user1' ?????????
????find  /home/user1  -name  *.bin ???? '/ home/user1' ??????????'.bin' ??β?????
????find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 ????????100????δ????ù?????????
????find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 ??????10??????????????????????
????locate *.ps  ????? '.ps' ??β????? - ?????? 'updatedb' ????
????whereis file ?????????????????????man??λ??
????which file  ??????????????????????????????·??
????5.?????????
????cat file1 ?????????????????????????
????tac file1 ?????п???????????????????
????more file1 ????????????????
????less file1 ?????? 'more' ????????????????????к???????????????????
????head -2 file1 ???????????????
????tail -2 file1 ??????????????? 5.????????
????mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 ???????????hda2????  ?????????? '/ mnt/hda2' ????????
????umount /dev/hda2  ж?????????hda2???? ????????? '/ mnt/hda2' ?????
????fuser -km /mnt/hda2 ???豸???????ж??
????umount -n /mnt/hda2 ????ж?????????д?? /etc/mtab ????????????????????д???????????
????mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ???????????
????mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom ???????????
????mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder ???????cdrw??dvdrom
????mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder ???????cdrw??dvdrom
????mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom ????????????ISO???????
????mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 ???????Windows FAT32?????
????mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk ???????usb ??????????豸
????mount -t smbfs -o username=user??password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share ???????windows???繲??
????6.???????????????
????df -h ???????????????б?
????ls -lSr |more ?????С???????????
????du -sh dir1 ?????? 'dir1' ????????????'
????du -sk * | sort -rn ????????С??????????????????????С
????7.???????????????
????groupadd group_name ??????????????
????groupdel group_name ???????????
????groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name ??????????????
????useradd -c "Name Surname " -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1 ??????????? "admin" ?????????
????useradd user1 ????????????
????userdel -r user1 ????????? ( '-r' ???????????)
????passwd user1 ?????????????? (?????root???)
????chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 ?????????????Ч????
????ls -lh ??????
????chmod 777 directory1 ??????????????(u)?????(g)?????????(o)?????r ????д(w)?????(x)?????
????chmod 700 directory1 ??????(g)????????(o)???????д??????
????chown user1 file1 ???????????????????????use1??
????chown -R user1 directory1 ??????????????????????????????????????????????use1????
????chgrp group1 file1 ????????????group1
????chown user1:group1 file1 ?????????????????????????????????group1??????use1??
????find / -perm -u+s ????????????????????SUID????????
????chmod u+s /bin/file1 ?????????????????? SUID λ - ???и???????????????????????????????
????chmod u-s /bin/file1 ?????????????????? SUIDλ
????chmod g+s /home/public ???????????SGID λ - ????SUID ?????????????????
????chmod g-s /home/public ??????????? SGID λ
????chmod o+t /home/public ???????????? STIKY λ - ???????????????????
????chmod o-t /home/public ??????????? STIKY λ