近基于 selenium 寫了一個 python 小工具,記錄下學(xué)習(xí)記錄,自己運行的環(huán)境是 Ubuntu 14.04.4 , Python 2.7 , Chromium 49.0 , ChromeDriver 2.16
	  selenium簡介
	  selenium提供了一個通用的接口,可模擬用戶來操作瀏覽器,比如用于自動化測試等.
	  selenium的核心是 WebDriver ,它提供了一組接口,這些接口能夠操作各種跨平臺的瀏覽器.
	  各大瀏覽器廠商.
	  各大瀏覽器廠商也支持Selenium,將其作為瀏覽器的一部分.
	  selenium 工具集提供了 WebDriver , Selenium IDE , Selenium-Grid 等
	  Selenium 1.0 + WebDriver = Selenium 2.0
	  Selenium WebDriver 是 Selenium Remote Control(Selenium-RC) 的繼承者.
	  · WebDriver 提供了更簡單和簡潔的接口,克服了 Selenium-RC API 一些限制.
	  · 相比 Selenium 1.0 , WebDriver 是面向?qū)ο笫降姆⻊?wù).
	  · WebDriver 驅(qū)動瀏覽器更有效率,提供了比 Selenium 1.0 更多的功能
	  · Selenium RC 只能在單機上運行, WebDriver 則提供了遠(yuǎn)程操作的功能
	  selenium基本使用
	  selenium運行需要什么
	  主要包括三部分: selenium selenium , 瀏覽器driver , 瀏覽器
	  selenium selenium 是一組通用的接口,而不同的瀏覽器提供其自身的 driver (大部分是官方的),瀏覽器則被模擬控制操作的終端.
	  安裝
	pip install selenium --upgrade
	apt-get install chromium-browser
	wget http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/2.10/chromedriver_linux`getconf LONG_BIT`.zip
	unzip chromedriver_linux32.zip
	cp chromedriver /usr/local/share
	chmod +x /usr/local/share/chromedriver
	ln -s /usr/local/share/chromedriver /usr/local/bin/chromedriver
	ln -s /usr/bin/chromedriver /usr/local/share/chromedriver
	  簡單的使用
	from selenium import webdriver
	driver = webdriver.Chrome('/usr/local/bin/chromedriver')
	driver.get('http://mail.sina.net');
	print(driver.title)
	  API使用
	  可參考 /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/selenium
	  Chrome WebDriver
	  selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver(executable_path='chromedriver', port=0, chrome_options=None, service_args=None, desired_capabilities=None, service_log_path=None)
	  ChromeOptions
	  可以通過 ChromeDriver session 配置 ChromeDriver session
	  ChromeDriver convenient methods for setting ChromeDriver-specific capabilities
	from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
	chrome_options = Options()
	chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-extensions")
	chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-logging')
	chrome_options.add_experimental_option('prefs', {'download.default_directory':
	'/tmp'})
	chrome_options.binary_location='/usr/bin/chromium-browser'
	driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=chrome_options)
	  直接使用DesiredCapabilities
	  ChromeOptions是構(gòu)建在DesiredCapabilities之上的,為了使用DesiredCapabilities,必須
	  知道capability的Key/value對.
	  chrome_options = Options()
	  capabilities={}
	  capabilities['platform'] = "WINDOWS"
	  capabilities['version'] = "10"
	  capabilities.update(chrome_options.to_capabilities())
	  driver = webdriver.Chrome(desired_capabilities=capabilities)
	  chromedriver運行方式
	  The ChromeDriver class 不斷的創(chuàng)建實例,會浪費很多的時間,可以通過兩個方式解決.
	  使用ChromeDriverService
	  import selenium.webdriver.chrome.service as service
	  service = service.Service('/usr/bin/chromedrive')
	  service.start()
	  capabilities = { }
	  driver = webdriver.Remote(service.service_url, capabilities)
	  driver.get('http://mail.sina.net');
	  print(driver.title)
	  開啟單獨的ChromeDriver服務(wù)
	  ./chromedriver
	  driver = webdriver.Remote('http://127.0.0.1:9515', DesiredCapabilities.CHROME)
	  driver.get('http://mail.sina.net');
	  RemoteWebDriverServer
	  The RemoteWebDriver is composed of two pieces: a client and a server. The client is your WebDriver test and the server is simply a Java servlet, which can be hosted in any modern JEE app server. The server will always run on the machine with the browser you want to test.
	  wget http://selenium-release.storage.googleapis.com/2.53/selenium-server-standalone-2.53.0.jar
	  java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.53.0.jar
	  from selenium import webdriver
	  from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
	  driver = webdriver.Remote( command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub',des
	  desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.CHROME)
	  driver.get('http://mail.sina.net');
	  其他
	  參考網(wǎng)站:
	  官方網(wǎng)站 , 官方github
	  ChromeDriver
	  Python api
	  Selenium非官方文檔
	  used pyvirtualdisplay to simulate a display:
	  由于使用的是Ubuntu服務(wù)器版,所以無法運行chrome,通過pyvirtualdisplay解決該問題
	sudo apt-get install Xvfb
	sudo pip install pyvirtualdisplay
	from pyvirtualdisplay import Display
	display = Display(visible=0, size=(1024, 768))
	display.start()
	driver = webdriver.Chrome('/usr/local/bin/chromedriver')
	driver.get('http://mail.sina.net');
	print(driver.title)
	display.stop()
	  Explicit Wait:
	  由于是模擬用戶操作瀏覽器,瀏覽器加載需要時間,為確保成功加載完成才繼續(xù)執(zhí)行下去,解決方案如下
	  from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
	  driver = webdriver.Chrome()
	  driver.get('http://mail.sina.net/login');
	  el =  WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(lambda x: x.find_element_by_id("loginfromemail"))
	  print(el.text)